Roman Empire fig. 7-9A, 20, 25, 28, 31, 46, 53, 60, 65, 70, 73, 8-11

What: Veristic or bust of Pompey the Great. Likened himself to Alexander the Great, and placed his own likeness on a coin in 44 BCE. 7-9A pg.184
When: ca. 55-50 BCE
Who: Roman sculptor
Where: Rome, Italy
Why: The Romans believed that the head or bust alone was enough to constitute a portrait. The Greeks, in contrast, believed that head and body were inseparable parts of an integral whole.
How: the verism are sculpted as close to the real features of the person (mostly men) then any other type of sculpting.

What: Gardenscape, a mural "picture-window" on the villa walls of Livia, third wife to the emperor Augustus.  7-20 pg. 191
When: ca.30-20 BCE
Where: Primaporta, Italy just north of Rome
How: Second style wall painting (fresco, 6' 7" high). Most believe it is a Roman invention. Painter's wanted to dissolve a room's confining walls and replace them with the illusion of an imaginary three dimensional world, using atmospheric perspective, intentionally blurring the most distant forms.
Why: Interior design of homes.

What: Seated portrait of the Greek poet Menander, "the first to write a New Comedy". An enlarged version of the kind of author that was a standard feature of ancient books. 7-25 pg. 195
When: ca.62-79 CE.
Where: House of the Menander, Pompeii
Who: Roman painter
How: Fourth Style which is a style of  illusionism.  A crowded and complex multicolor composition a kind of summation of all the previous  mural schemes, characteristic of Roman art.

What: Portrait bust of Livia, the emperor Augustus third wife. Her features are derived from Greek goddesses. She sports the latest Roman coiffure, (hair style). 1' 1/2" high. 7-28 pg. 197-98.
When: Early first century CE.
Where: Arsinoe, Egypt

What: Procession of the imperial family, detail of the Ara Pacis Augustae. Depicts recognizable individuals, including children. Augustus promoted marriage and child bearing.  5' 3" high marble. 7-31 pg.198
When: 13-9 BCE
Where: Rome, Italy
Why: The inspiration for these parallel friezes was the Panathenaic procession frieze of the Parthenon. The Ara Pacis depicts a specific event - probably the inaugural ceremony of 13 BCE when work on the alter began -and recognizable historical figures
Which: The portrayal of men with their families on the Alter of Peace served as a moral exemplar. The emperor used relief sculpture as well as portraiture to further his political and social agendas.  

What: Apollodorus of Damascus, Markets of Trajan, to house both shops and administrative offices. 7-46 pg. 209
Where: Rome, Italy (looking Northeast).
When: ca. 100-112 CE
How: Brick faced concrete. The basic unit was the taberna, a single - room shop covered by a barrel vault, wide doorway, window above it. Several levels, opening to the street or to a great market hall.
Who: Trajan architect 

What: Al- Khazneh ( Treasury) . 130 ft. high, two stories. 7-53 pg. 213
Where: Petra, Jordan
When: Second Century CE.
How: cut- rock tomb facade, Roman "baroque" architecture. The designer used Greek architectural elements in ornamental fashion, and with a studied disregard for classical rules. 

 

What: Mummy portrait of a priest of Serapis. 7-60 pg.217.  1'4 3/4 " x 8 3/4"
Who: Iaia of Cyzicus
How: done with the Art of Encaustic Painting, a technique of mixing colors with hot wax and then applying them to the surface.
Why: In  Roman times, Egyptians bury their dead in mummy cases, painted portraits ( encaustic) replaced masks.
When: ca. 140-160 ce. 
Where: Hawara ( Faiyum) Egypt

What: Frigidarium, Baths of Diocletian. Groin Vault 7-65. pg.220
When: ca.298-306 remodeled by Michelangelo Buonarroti in 1563
Where: Rome, Italy 

What: plans for / Temple of Venus. 7-70, pg. 223.  
Where: Baalbek, Lebanon 
When: Third century CE From the Roman Republic
 How: "Baroque" violates almost every rule of Classical design. 

What: Arch of Constanine, a grandiose triple- passageway arch next to the Colosseum to commemorate Constantine's defeat of Maxentius. Largest erected arch in Rome since the end of the Severan dynasty. 7-73. pg.225
When: 312-315 CE. 
Where: Rome, Italy
How: Builders took much of the sculptural decoration from monuments of Trajan, Hadrian, and Marcus Aurelius. Heads were re-cut to substitute Constantine's features. 

What: Interior of Santa Costanza (church) 8-11. pg. 243
Where: Rome, Italy
When: ca. 337-351.
How: basilican design. The central- plan design., usually round or polygonal domed structures.Has antecedents in the domed temples of  the Romans.